Weather Regime Prediction Using Statistical Learning

PWP-CCPR-2005-031

Abstract

Two novel statistical methods are applied to the prediction of transitions between weather regimes. The methods are tested using a long, 6 000-day simulation of a three-layer, quasi-geostrophic (QG3) model on the sphere at T21   resolution. The two methods are the k nearest-neighbor classifier and the random-forest method. Both methods are widely used in statistical classification and machine learning; they are applied here to forecast the break of a regime and subsequent  onset of another  one.  The QG3 model has been previously shown to possess realistic weather regimes in its Northern Hemisphere and preferred transitions between these have been deter- mined. The two methods are applied to the three more robust transitions; they both demonstrate a skill of 35–40% better than random and are thus encouraging for use on real data. Moreover, the random-forest method allows, while keeping  the overall  skill unchanged, to efficiently adjust the ratio of correctly predicted transitions to false alarms. A long-standing conjecture has associated regime breaks and preferred transitions with distinct directions in the reduced model phase space spanned by a few leading empirical orthogonal functions of its variability. Sensitivity studies for several predic- tors confirm the crucial influence of the exit angle on a preferred transition path. The present results thus support the paradigm of multiple weather regimes and of their association with unstable fixed points of atmospheric  dynamics.